nonverbal mental ability suggests that _____ is presently functioning in the ___ percentile (Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-3) (Raven Progressive Matrices) (Columbia Mental Maturity Scale) . The Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (CTONI-2) is the one you're looking for. (Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability) Developmental Assessments: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development PEP-3 (Psycho-Educational Profile-3rd . 0000001052 00000 n The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), developed by Dr. David Wechsler, is an individually administered intelligence test for children between the ages of 6 and 16 inclusive that can be completed without reading or writing. Change the template with smart fillable fields. The Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) is a multidimensional measure of general intelligence designed for children and adolescents ages five to seventeen years. It has six subtests: symbolic memory, nonsymbolic quantity, analogic reasoning, spatial memory, numerical series, and cube design. 0000000611 00000 n (b) providing an evaluation of each test's psychometric properties, and (c) offering recommendations for the selection and interpretation of nonverbal IQ measures. The Primary Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (PTONI; Ehrler and McGhee 2008) was developed for ages 3 through 9. endstream endobj 117 0 obj<>>>/LastModified(D:20051016112939)/MarkInfo<>>> endobj 119 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/StructParents 0>> endobj 120 0 obj<> endobj 121 0 obj<> endobj 122 0 obj<> endobj 123 0 obj[/ICCBased 137 0 R] endobj 124 0 obj<> endobj 125 0 obj<> endobj 126 0 obj<> endobj 127 0 obj<> endobj 128 0 obj<>stream Intellectual functioning is assessed by a . Her work has been published in medical journals in the field of surgery, and she has received numerous awards for publication in education. Minimal oral directions and a pointing-response format make it one of the simplest and easily understood of all nonverbal intelligence tests designed for young children. In recent years, people who scored as low as 55 points on one test were considered gifted when they took another test that had a higher cutoff point of 70. This chapter describes the essential characteristics of the UNIT2, its strengths and limitations, changes and improvements. Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence | Second Edition (CTONI-2) is a norm-referenced test using nonverbal formats. Through pictures and pointing responses, students solve problems using analogies, classification skills, and logical sequences. Fax: (508) 875-2062 (800) 268-6624 118 0 obj<>stream Test Review: Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal IntelligenceSecond Edition (CTONI-2) Erhan Delen, Fatih Kaya, and Nicola L. Ritter Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2012 30 : 2 , 209-213 (b) providing an evaluation of each test's psychometric properties, and (c) offering recommendations for the selection and interpretation of nonverbal IQ measures. Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). or Tool Review . A Scale of Rea ding-writing skills for Pre-primary School Children (R-W-S Test) Hindi . Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. While reviewing the criteria, it is important to . With a low emphasis on motor demand, it . The CTONI was evaluated in comparison with the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT), an established measure of fluid and crystallized . The manual contains a detailed report of the sample's . Forensic test to determine the species of a blood sample 1901 Urea Breath Test: Tool Review . Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV) 2012. . xb```b``y |,@QQ9K@, 6nXAG(jK0M For many children and adults, traditional verbally laden . Items are arranged in order of difficulty. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th Edition (WISC) or the Test of Non-Verbal Intelligence, 3rd Edition (TONI) was administered to the adolescents with autism, Youth Self-Report (YRS) 2007. 0000002697 00000 n Sample was administered 16 subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V). The WISC takes 65-80 minutes to administer and generates an IQ score which represents a child's general . Nonverbal tests, such as the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test or the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, may be more effective for students from culturally and linguistically different or low-income backgrounds to eliminate . The Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (Brown et al. Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, . In order to truly understand how a country ranks, you need to consider all the different elements that influence intelligence Average iq by country. Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability (WNV) Ages 4:0-21:11. It is a score that shows how well someone understands and interprets the world around them. Psychologists, diagnosticians, special educators, speech-language pathologists, and other professionals can use this test to identify both severe intellectual deficits and superior cognitive intelligence; help estimate future school success . The fully revised Fourth Edition measures intelligence, aptitude, abstract reasoning, and problem solving. trailer Published by Northwest Evaluation Association (NWEA) Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT) grades K-12 Culture-fair and language-free means of determining students' nonverbal reasoning and problem-solving ability, regardless of language or educational or cultural background. The average score on an IQ test is 100. The terman test is used to evaluate the mental capacity of an individual and assess his or her potential in various fields. Test norms should reflect the local . Handbook of nonverbal assessment. toni 4 sample report pdf This version of the Wechsler intelligence test is currently in its fourth edition (often referred to as WPPSI-IV). The highest score possible is 145, and the lowest score possible is 61; scores between these two extremes represents just one standard deviation from the mean iq for that group. . For children ages 3-6.5, you would want to use a test called the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence or WPPSI. Teachers report the student can (insert description) . [ZZH>G, YQf#8 SDmeu.`WsAAS( Earn money by contributing to product development. IQ test [Guide] IQ Test Center, For people between 24 and 34 years of age, For people between 35 and 44 years of age. In fact, Wechsler's view was that ''the subtests are different measures of intelligence, not measures of different kinds of intelligence'' (1958, p. 64). info @ therapro.com, MORE ITEMS FROM Cognition and Intelligence, Copyright 1999new Date().getFullYear()>2010&&document.write("-"+new Date().getFullYear());, Therapro, Inc. | Privacy Policy. (excludes Purchase Orders) Click here for details. PK ! The Stanford-Binet is the American adaptation of the original French Binet-Simon intelligence test; it was first introduced in 1916 by Lewis Terman, a . Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning, 4th ed. 0000004630 00000 n (PTONI) Primary Test of Nonverbal Intelligence by David J. Ehrler and Ronnie L. McGhee Benefit Provides a nonverbal measure of reasoning in young children, including those who don't speak English Norms Based on a culturally and ethnically diverse sample of 1,010 children residing in 38 states Scores The PTONI's average reliability alpha coefficient is 0.93. Test forms & reports. The Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) is an individually administered, nonverbal intelligence test designed for use with non-English-speaking, limited English proficient, or deaf children. Template The Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) is an individually administered, nonverbal intelligence test designed for use with non-English-speaking, limited English proficient, or deaf children. The aim of this study was to assess the factor structure invariance of the UNIT across deaf and standardization samples through the use of multisample confirmatory factor an alysis. There is no definitive answer to this question as IQ is relative and can vary from person to person. IQ range For example, if you receive a score of 110 (a superior iq), this means your iq score was 10 points higher than the average persons in that particular test sample. The test may be administered to children ages 2 years 6 months (2:6) through 17 years 11 months (17:11) across a broad range of developmental levels. Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability (WNV) A. Jones, School Psychologist 04-07 -11 Communication Evaluation C. Couch, Speech Language Pathologist 04-07 -11 Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement 2nd ed. Find the Toni 4 Test Pdf you require. Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) . 0000004784 00000 n 0000015670 00000 n Features Description. Located at the top of our Buy Now page, you can unlock the Free 100 Questions and use them as a sample of what we offer. `7r&1L ^',f(CB]YS)>e9,x=MpS n2wvS)s! There is no listening, speaking, reading or writing required in administering the test or responding to test items. These tests are not designed to test all students for their nonverbal intelligence. J Psychoeduc Assess. Mel Snowfall Actress, The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". (iv) Analysing space relationship from diagrams (two dimensional), (v) Analysing cube relationship. (Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability) Developmental Assessments: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development PEP-3 (Psycho-Educational Profile-3rd . New York City Blackout 2021, intelligence, aptitude, abstract reasoning, and problem solving. The same relation This test is designed for evaluating nonverbal intelligence. Presence is the leading provider of remote, psychoeducational evaluations for both monolingual and bilingual students. The KBIT-2 is the intellectual ability test of choice for many researchers studying WS for two primary reasons. Have a question or need some help?Phone: (800) 257-5376 | Email: [emailprotected], Have a question or need some help? Nurses; Accountants; Stenographers; Pharmacists; ;School Teachers; Managers. 60. Lewis Terman was a Stanford University psychologist who developed the famous IQ test. Measures analogical reasoning, categorical classification, and sequential reasoning. 0000002343 00000 n The Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test: Second Edition. Testing takes approximately 5 to 15 minutes. The SB5 is heavily based on the aforementioned CHC theory. 0000015919 00000 n Unlike full-scale IQ tests, the KBIT-2 does not assess visuospatial construction. startxref These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. WAIS-IV. Measure general intelligence of children and adults who might be adversely affected by subtle or overt impairments involving language or motor abilities. Going Cowboy Crucet, The primary advantage of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) includes the comprehensiveness of the assessment, which includes measures of working memory and processing speed in addition to verbal and non-verbal measures. The KBIT-2 can be used (a) to re-evaluate the intellectual status of a child or adult who has previously received comprehensive assessment; (b) as a screening tool to . Assessment may be tailored to determine cognitive strengths and weaknesses, academic progress, the effects of central nerv ous system trauma, personality, and so on. Coplan recommends the comprehensive Test of Non-Verbal Intelligence (TONI), saying that children who do poorly on typical intelligence tests may do very well on the TONI. Provides new oral instructions for common non-English languages in the United States. Change the template with smart fillable fields. Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) 5 - 17 4 It uses full-color stimuli, manipulatives, and pointing response modes. The WISC-V is an individually administered, comprehensive clinical instrument for assessing the intelligence of children ages 6:0-16:11. Template . Which one is better: online or paper-based IQ tests? Most iq tests score an individual on a scale of 100. The fully revised Third Edition measures intelligence, aptitude, abstract reasoning, and problem solving. Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, Fourth Edition (TONI-4) This language-free intelligence test requires no reading, writing, speaking, or listening on the examinee's part. Samples. The goal of the CTONI-2 is to minimize the influence of language ability on intelligence test scores. Designed for individuals between of a wide range of ages, it is even available in various languages: Spanish, German, French, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean and Tagalog. The Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI; Brown, Sherbenou, & Johnsen, 1982, 1990, 1997) was built 20 years ago in response to the increasing diversity and complexity of a society in which the . There is some evidence that the test measures intelligence without confounding verbal and cultural factors influencing test results. The Stanford Binet ScalesFifth Edition (SB5) is intended for examinees between the ages of 2 and 85 years old ( Roid, 2003 ). Instructions are attached to quickly add the student's name, change the pronoun from his/her or he/she, and change the teacher's . Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 5 th Edition (WISC-V) Ages 6:0 - 16:11. (ii) Drawing figures, especially human figures, (iii) Completing pictures and patterns. An ID is lifelong and has its onset before age 18. Fill in the blank fields; engaged parties names, places of residence and numbers etc. 130 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 132 /H [ 687 588 ] /L 79917 /E 4861 /N 39 /T 77198 >> endobj xref 130 13 0000000016 00000 n 0000001585 00000 n Satisfied. Ann Logsdon is a school psychologist specializing in helping parents and teachers support students with a range of educational and developmental disabilities. A16 1 of 5 Early Childhood Measurement and Evaluation . Measure a child's academic functioning in math, reading, and writing. Portland Interior Design | Kitchen & Bath Design | Remodeling, Copyright 2020 Pangaea Interior Design, Inc. | Portland, Oregon |, leading issues in economic development, 7th edition pdf, primary test of nonverbal intelligence sample report. 2. The student was able to (insert description of deviation and the description of student's performance ) and standardized scores are not reported. The Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal IntelligenceSecond Edition (CTONI-2; Hammill, Pearson, & Wiederholt, 2009) is a nonverbal intelligence test created to assess reasoning and problem solving of children and adults.The goal of the CTONI-2 is to minimize the influence of language ability on intelligence test scores. Template . Test Information Age Range Column 1 lists the ages at which normative data were collected for the test as a whole or for the nonverbal section specifically if it differed from the . &c3Ru=js6'D-7}+ #)7"*1&x.aA^7b l:Xr0Q\n The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The primary advantage of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) includes the comprehensiveness of the assessment, which includes measures of working memory and processing speed in addition to verbal and non-verbal measures. 0000016113 00000 n Test of nonverbal intelligence sample report, Test of nonverbal intelligence sample report IQ Score/ Average, What IQ Scores Really Mean Test of nonverbal intelligence sample report, Average intelligence Test of nonverbal intelligence sample report. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) is a standardized assessment aimed to measure the cognitive development for children ages 2 years and 6 months to 7 years and 7 months. 0000003404 00000 n Some sources say that Einstein had an IQ of around 160, while others say it was closer to 200. %PDF-1.3 % Analogies assess the student's ability to recognize common features between unlike objects. The student was able to (insert description of deviation and the description of student's performance ) and standardized scores are not reported. This approval level enables you to buy all our assessments. 6-0 to 18 : Semi-Structured Clinical Interview (SCICA) The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT-2) (Kaufman and Kaufman, 2004b) is a screening tool that includes two scales: crystalized or verbal scale and fluid or nonverbal scale. Factory Packers and Sorters, Laborers; Gardeners; Upholsterers; Farmhands; Miners, Sales Manager. The DAS-II is a comprehensive, individually administered, clinical instrument for assessing the cognitive abilities that are important to learning. . -n16=mGk8VC[pn_Rd AFdXH t5#V|'rvJ@{X7FM1^"OMC This test measures general intelligence of college students through six subtests-word meaning, analogy, classification, number series, code transformation, syllogism. Primary Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (PTONI) Primary Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (PTONI) Intellectual / Cognitive Nonverbal ITEM: 32881 Primary Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (PTONI) assesses reasoning abilities to aid in early intervention Add to Cart Add to Quote Description 0000006036 00000 n Likewise, if your scored 67 (an average iq), this means you were 11 points below the person mean Read more: Average iqTest of nonverbal intelligence sample report iq score. The KBIT-2 test is often used to qualify children for a gifted program. This assessment measures ability across five areas of cognitive . It is completely nonverbal and largely motor free: the test taker merely points, nods, or blinks to indicate the chosen response. SLI can be viewed as a major subgroup of the full population of DLD (e.g., Norbury et al., 2016), with DLD including children with a range of nonverbal cognitive abilities but excluding intellectual disabilities, and SLI setting a minimum criterion for nonverbal intelligence scores, often 1 SD below the mean. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The student was able to (insert description of deviation and the description of student's performance ) and standardized scores are not reported. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Fill in the blank fields; engaged parties names, places of residence and numbers etc. The WISC takes 65-80 minutes to administer and generates an IQ score which represents a child's general . Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence | Fourth Edition Choose from our products Kits Starter & complete kits, print & digital 9 options from $1,540.00 Test forms & reports Booklets, record forms, answer sheets, report usages & subscriptions 17 options from $1.25 Support materials Using Nonverbal Tests to Help Identify Academically Talented Children By James Gambrell Distinguishing verbal, quantitative, and gural facets of uid intelligence in young students The aim of this study was to assess the factor structure invariance of the UNIT across deaf and standardization samples through the use of multisample confirmatory factor an alysis. Assessments should be current (recent norms) and non-biased. The PTONI was normed on a culturally and ethnically diverse demographic sample of 1,010 children. The Test of Nonverbal Intelligence Third Edition (TONI-3), was designed as an individually administered, language-free, motor and culture reduced measure of intellectual abilities that does not involve the use of words. Test format requires a child to look at a series of pictures and to point to the one picture that does not belong with the others. A strength of the test is its adequate sample size that was representative on all demographic variables except data on urban/rural residence are not included. Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, Fourth Edition (TONI-4) This language-free intelligence test requires no reading, writing, speaking, or listening on the examinee's part. Include the particular date and place your e-signature. Custom solutions that exceed your expectations for functionality and beauty. Nonverbal Intelligence Test Second Edition (UNIT2) Measures general cognitive ability in a completely nonverbal manner 5:0 - 17:11 Depends on battery given - 10-45 minutes Individually administered Provides an assessment that neutralizes the impact of language on cognitive processes and abilities; Examiners use 8 universal hand gestures to The primary and secondary subtests are on a scaled Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 1967). regional performance manager jaguar land rover salary. Academic Achievement. WNV. There is no definitive answer as to which one is better: online or paper-based IQ tests. Features a ratio-based metric and very high scoring ceiling when used with younger children. Test forms & reports. Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability (WNV) A. Jones, School Psychologist 04-07 -11 Communication Evaluation C. Couch, Speech Language Pathologist 04-07 -11 Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement 2nd ed. [5] For example, if you receive a score of . The authors also report on the comparative performance of 32 students who are deaf attending two Texas regional day schools. The highest score possible is 145, and the lowest score possible is 61; scores between these two extremes represents just one standard deviation from the mean iq for that group. To borrow a test kit, please come to the Education Resource Center during our open hours. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) is an intelligence test designed for children ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 7 months developed by David Wechsler in 1967. or Features a ratio-based metric and very high scoring ceiling when used with younger children. intelligence, aptitude, abstract reasoning, and problem solving. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales Non-verbal tests include: Leiter International Performance, Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test, NaglieriNonverbal Ability Test The Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test: Second Edition. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition Score Report Comments: . Booklets, record forms, answer sheets . Percentile tells the % of people, who took the same test as Bob, who scored at or below his score. Juno Pier Fishing Report, The Primary Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (Ehrler & McGhee, 2008) was used to assess participants' nonverbal intelligence. The ERC provides test kits for current UD faculty and students for use and loan. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 4th ed. The UNIT2 test is designed for ages 5 through 21 and has an entirely nonverbal stimulus-and-response administration format. 1982, 1990, 1997, 2010) was built over 30 years ago to address the increasing diversity and complexity of a society in which the evaluation of intellectual ability and aptitude was rapidly becoming common practice.The trend has continued and grown to the current day. . [Content_Types].xml ( n0E1UH&ul6EU&w(ciu&`,W2 5JTi:&LNj 9}G 3+ Wf7 W *@K. In order to truly understand the topic, you need to consider the different elements that influence intelligence. Test of Nonverbal Intelligence - Fourth Edition (TONI-4) 2010. The fully revised Fourth Edition measures intelligence, aptitude, abstract reasoning, and problem solving. Nonverbal intelligence testsmeasurenonverbal reasoning. The Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal IntelligenceSecond Edition (CTONI-2; Hammill, Pearson, & Wiederholt, 2009) is a nonverbal intelligence test created to assess reasoning and problem solving of children and adults.The goal of the CTONI-2 is to minimize the influence of language ability on intelligence test scores. primary test of nonverbal intelligence sample report. intelligence test, series of tasks designed to measure the capacity to make abstractions, to learn, and to deal with novel situations. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised (WAIS-Rev) was created especially for those over 24 years old and consists of 60 subtests spread out under 6 different categories.Test of nonverbal intelligence sample report. What is normal IQ range? The UNIT2 test is designed for ages 5 through 21 and has an entirely nonverbal stimulus-and-response administration format. nonverbal mental ability suggests that _____ is presently functioning in the ___ percentile (Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-3) (Raven Progressive Matrices) (Columbia Mental Maturity Scale) . Nonverbal NVI 40 100 50 93-107 Average 3.67 General Ability GAI 42 104 61 98-110 Average 3.35 60 VAI NVI 110 160 Test Description Year . There is no listening, speaking, reading or writing required in administering the test or responding to test items. Students don't need to provide oral responses, write, or manipulate objects to take these tests. Nonverbal intelligence test 1913 Modern Language Aptitude Test: Foreign language test N/A . Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition Score Report Comments: . The KBIT-2 can be used (a) to re-evaluate the intellectual status of a child or adult who has previously received comprehensive assessment; (b) as a screening tool to . Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Children were required to identify a picture that does not belong within an array as items increase in difficulty. Categorization tasks require students to identify common attributes for sorting pictured objects. The Wechsler non-verbal scale of ability (WNV) (Wechsler and Naglieri, 2006) The WNV is an individually administered non-verbal test of intelligence designed for ages 4 through 21 years. 4 INTRODUCTION TONI-4 stands for Test of Non-Verbal Intelligence (4 th edition). However, a 140 IQ is considered to be very high and would typically qualify someone for a top spot in their field. The purpose of the WNV is to expand the clinical utility of the Wechsler scales to individuals with language constraints. Psychologists, educators, and related health care professionals spend an enormous amount of time and energy evaluating the abilities of children and adults they serve. Samples. PRIMARY SUMMARY (CONTINUED) . Children were required to identify a picture that does not belong within an array as items increase in difficulty. The RIAS-2 is an objective, comprehensive assessment of intelligence and its major components. This language-free intelligence test requires no reading, writing, speaking, or listening on the examinee's part. They should relate to the area of giftedness, a specific program option, or the identification of gifted and talented students. Fill in the blank fields; engaged parties names, places of residence and numbers etc. Score explanation from a South Carolina public school, A Parent's Guide to MAP.MAP is not a gifted assessment. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence; Wonderlic Test; Medical tests. The Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence - 2nd Edition (CTONI-2) is a norm-referenced test that uses nonverbal formats to measure general intelligence of children and adults whose performance on traditional tests might be adversely affected by subtle or overt impairments involving language or motor abilities. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The TONI-3: Test of Nonverbal Intelligence Ease of administration, wide age range, lack of an overt language requirement, and brevity. The TONI-4 is an ideal test for those who have language, hearing or motor impairments or those who are not familiar with mainstream American culture. This chapter briefly describes the . Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) Measurement Areas: The Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) is designed to test intelligence (cognitive ability) of children and adolescents ages 5 years 0 months through 17 years 11 months who may be disadvantaged by verbal and language loaded measures. The (name of test(s)) was attempted with (name of student), but due to her/his inability to attend to and respond appropriately to test items. An ID is lifelong and has its onset before age 18. (Similarly) (In contrast) on a screening assessment of verbal mental ability (he) (she) scored in the Template The (name of test(s)) was attempted with (name of student), but due to her/his inability to attend to and respond appropriately to test items.