young plants are poisonous), Desert Azalea (vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, depression, Dogs accidentally consuming the Virgin's Bower plants can show the following clinical symptoms: Vomiting, Prolonged Depression, Incoordination, Hypersalivaton, Sleepiness Or Excitation, Dilated Pupils, Low Body Temperature, Low Blood Pressure, Coma, Seizure And Death (In Rare Cases). Alternatively, here's how to contact The Dog Clinic's team: This post contains affiliate links, and we will be compensated if you make a purchase after clicking on our links. failure, consumption can be fatal), Rape (dogs that ingest Rape can go blind, can harm the The leaves of this vine are considered to have the toxins. Oleander ingestion causes extreme salivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and lethargy. The bower vine (Pandorea jasminoides) is an Australian native that goes by several other names, including bower climber, bower of beauty, and just plain Pandorea. eye irritation if touches the eyes and possibly skin irritation), Poison hemlock (varied dog toxic effects on the nervous Like cats, dogs can experience gastrointestinal upset, vomiting, and diarrhea if they ingest the plant. Water deeply, regularly in the first growing season to establish extensive root system; once established, water as needed to maintain evenly moist soil. Veterinary reviewed by: Dr. Linda Simon, MVB MRCVS. Can you have a dog in an apartment? Make sure any cut flowers are cleared away so your pet doesnt tread on them. Do not use unless recommended by a veterinarian. Consult your veterinarian immediately for further instruction if you suspect your dog has consumed this plant. With 15 years of experience in the pet industry, she is a passionate animal welfare advocate. FeaturesA fast growing vine that provides a quick solution for covering a trellis, hiding a fence, or creating shade on an arbor or pergola. membranes)), Apricot (pits - cause vomiting, painful abdomen, diarrhea - Early symptoms of sago palm poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, and seizures. Dont panic! in dogs), Western Black locust yew (vomiting, painful abdomen, Yes, they are harmful to your pets, but not all. fordham university business school; attended donation center; troy kell documentary Thankfully, roses arent poisonous to dogs. These dry out and create inflexible thorns, which could be even more painful for your dog to walk on. Remember, many things that are not desirable to people are readily ingested by dogs and cats. And, it causes mild effects such as vomiting and oral irritation, and burning sensation in the mouth, tongue, and lips. If you want to do home remedies, get the advice from your vet before you do it. lip irritation, excessive drooling, vomtiing, difficulty swallowing), Dieffenbachia (can cause death, diarrhea, mouth irritation, heart issues, respiratory problems), Autumn Crocus (vomiting, diarrhea, kidney failure, bone swallowing. This site accepts advertising and other forms of compensation for products mentioned. Even if you do not garden but have plants around, not only do you have to be sure that your pup won't dig up those plants, but you also must be knowledgeable about plants safe for dogs and. Text STOP to opt-out, HELP for more info. It causes drooling, loss of appetite, vomiting with blood sometimes and depression. Though you may assume that all vegetables and herbs found in the garden are perfectly OK for your pup, thats not always true. Are Clusia Rosea Poisonous to Dogs? Besides, the poison in this plant will cause swelling in the throat and tongue. A pretty plant, it is fatal to your dog as it contains the harmful toxin called glycoside. The Poisonous Plant Guide is constructed to enable location of a plant by either knowing the common or botanical name of the plant. If youre looking for appropriate additions to your garden, check out our list of ten dog safe flowers. 1. The Garden Factory Inc. Plants Toxic to Dogs & Cats Common Name Other Common Name Botanical Name Toxic to Toxic to What's Toxic? But, it is harmful to your canine as the bulbs of this plant can cause vomiting, diarrhea with blood at times, tremors and depression. gastrointestinal problems, toxic to digestive tract, can result in skin Taste of Home is America's #1 cooking magazine. The unknown toxin in the rose of Sharon plant appears to be most active in cats, dogs, and horses. This plant contains calcium oxalate crystals, which are similar to microscopic pieces of glass resembling needles, says Dr. Zacharias. The longer it stays in there, the greater chance of an infection developing. Also called Chinese Jade and Silver Jade, it will cause nausea, vomiting, and tremors. It does NOT contain every possible variety. Plants can be poisonous to your lovable pets, although they look pretty. It is poisonous to dogs as toxins present in this plant cause diarrhea, vomiting, depression, abdominal pain, anorexia, hypersalivation, and tremors. A list of such plants has been provided here for you. Find The Facts About Coronavirus In Dogs And Preventive Measures. Because of its striking appearance and the fact that its very easy to care for, snake plants are incredibly popular indoor plants. Bower vine does best in a well-draining, fertile soil in full sunlight, though the vine will tolerate light, shifting shade. These household items are also hazardous for your pets. Yucca (Yucca spp) of the Agavaceae family is a poisonous perennial plant for dogs. Gemma is currently travelling around Europe with her wonderful rescue dog, Annie. and nausea), Red-Margined Dracaena (also called Straight-Margined Coronavirus In Dogs Risks Due To COVID-19, Sad Dog Songs With Lyrics Thatll Make You Cry And Mourn Your Beloved Pet, Pitbull Names Unique And Tough Names For All Pitbull Types, Pitbull Lab Mix Complete Guide For A Bullador Owner, Blue Heeler: Complete Australian Cattle Dog Breed Information, What Foods Can Dogs Eat? Dracaena fragrans or the corn plant has moderate toxic effects on your pooch. what is jail like in ontario; kentucky probate laws no will; 12. hypersalivation, inappetence, severe gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, However, it is highly toxic to dogs, so you should definitely keep it out of your house. Box 1106. Once it is known that the dog ingested these poisonous leaves, rapid transfer to a veterinary hospital where vomiting can be induced is key. nervous system, stomach disorders, respiratory problems), Red-ink plant (poisonous if consumed, results in vomiting kidneys. Every inch of this plant is poisonous to dogsfrom the flower petals to the pointy, long leaves. You have to know about these varieties as well. It is not a common source of dog poisoning and not all parts of every plant are a problem. This plant causes vomiting, drooling, and swelling in tongue, upper airway, and lips. Are there any poisonous plants in the world? Ingesting a couple of rose leaves or petals probably wont harm your dog. respiratory problems - fatal in large amounts), Baby's Breath (can cause vomiting and diarrhea), Baby Doll Ti Plant (can cause vomting with or without These thorns can cause surprisingly deep gashes, and your dogs delicate eye area is at particular risk. Common garden and indoor plants can be toxic to dogs. Heart arrhythmias will also occur in rare cases. In the nineteenth century, poisonings due to plants reached near-epidemic . The beautiful tubular flowers are attractive to hummingbirds and a variety of beneficial insects. Of course! in larger quantities, low blood pressure, tremors, cardia arrhythmia), Bead Tree (diarrhea, vomting, salivation, weakness, excessive drooling), American Bittersweet (vomiting and diarrhea), European Bittersweet (vomiting and diarrhea), Boston Ivy (mouth swelling, breathing problems, ), Nightshade: A wildflower with toxic berries and leaves 43 Safe People Food, Shih Tzu 10 Vital Dog Breed Information. cardiac abnormalities), Umbrella Plant (vomiting, pain in abdomen, tremors, heart The sago palm is leafy, beautiful, and very easy to grow, which makes it a popular choice as an indoor plant. irritation, skin irritation), Cherry (seeds contain the dog poison cyanide and can cause It is a non-toxic ornamental plant. Supportive therapy with drugs designed to control gastrointestinal signs, as well as reverse liver and heart issues, is key to survival. If you have a suddenly lethargic dog, these are 5 signs you need to call the vet. Yes, of course! She has worked for the Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, ran her own specialist dog shop for ten years, has volunteered for her local rescue shelter, and is studying towards completing an Advanced Diploma in Canine Behaviour. The symptoms include lethargy, low blood pressure, skin rashes, and loss of appetite. Depending on the severity, you may need to simply monitor and treat your dogs symptoms, or you may need to take your dog in for more aggressive treatment. Provide as many details as possible such as what was ingested, when it was ingested, information about your dog such as age, sex, breed, and any symptoms.Symptoms associated with the most common varieties of toxic dog plants are listed here: In extreme cases, dog poisonous plants can result in death. lethargy. Toxic and Non-Toxic Plant List - Dogs Plants Toxic to Dogs Adam-and-Eve (Arum, Lord-and-Ladies, Wake Robin, Starch Root, Bobbins, Cuckoo Plant) | Scientific Names: Arum maculatum | Family: Araceae African Wonder Tree () | Scientific Names: Ricinus communis | Family: Alocasia (Elephant's Ear) | Scientific Names: Alocasia spp. irritation, tongue and lip irritation, excessive drooling, vomiting, flammula (Sweet-scented Virgins Bower) are poisonous as they contain an alkaloid, Clematine, which is a violent poison. If you think that your pet may have ingested a potentially poisonous substance, make the call that can make all the difference:(888) 426-4435. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. ), Mock orange (vomiting, painful abdomen, diarrhea), Monkey Pod (vomiting, painful abdomen, diarrhea), Monkshood (causes stomach upset and nervous behavior. It is also a common cut flower or houseplant. Lilly of the Valley (Convallaria majalis) is a popular holiday plant that is toxic to dogs and requires aggressive treatment. Some succulents are harmless. Listed below are a few of the most dangerous plants for dogs. New Haven, CT 06504-1106. The results are severe weakness, rapid breathing and red-colored urine. She adds that forced vomiting by a veterinarian is key here, and many dogs will require blood transfusions to replace the blood cells that are damaged. It is a frost tender evergreen hardy in USDA zones 9-11. Symptoms can appear several days after ingesting these dog But, do you know that those pleasant shrubs may not be pretty for your poochs health? This treatment method provides a chance for the gastric muscles of the patient to recover from the incessant spasms that vomiting can sometimes cause. cause vomiting and affects the central nervous system. It is toxic to your pup. Unlike most toxic or noxious plants, the rose of Sharon flower tastes rather pleasant to many dogs, and it may be tempting for your canine to ingest significant quantities of this plant. Put in plants that are non-toxic for dogs. Call the Pet Poison hotline (1-800-213-6680) or the local ASPCA hotline. Always check that there are no poisonous plants in your garden. The first symptom is frequent vomiting and diarrhea in your pooch. Pet Poison Helpline: 1.800.213.6680ASPCA Poison Helpline: (888) 426-4435, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine: Pets and Toxic PlantsCornell University: Plants Poisonous to Livestock and other AnimalsUniversity of Illinois: Plants Toxic to AnimalsThe Humane Society: Plants Potentially Poisonous to PetsThe ASPCA: Toxic and Nontoxic Plants for Animals, About | Contact | Podcasts | Reader Questions | Blog |Privacy Policy. If parts are ingested, we can see some GI signs (vomiting, diarrhea). But they are not necessarily native to Australia. The Advice in This Article Only Applies to True Roses, Rose Plants Are Not Healthy for Dogs to Eat, Be Aware of Dangerous Pesticides and Chemicals, pesticides marketed specifically for roses. But, this popular vine can cause mild effects such as vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. They are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It will tolerate light frosts. You can also call the 24-hour Pet Poison Helpline at 1-888-426-4435. Parts of many plants may lead to severe. quantity), Burning Bush (toxic to dogs in quantity, vomiting, nausea, Learn to identify problematic plants and symptoms of toxicity. Even so, dog owners should exercise caution when it comes to bringing ferns into their homes. Have the plant itself, the container, package or label available when on the phone or in the veterinarian's office. 5 What kind of soil does Pandorea jasminoides need? "Like lily of the valley, oleander also contains cardiac glycosides," Dr. Stern explains. Can cause 10 common plants toxic to dogs and cats Sources: Paula Parker, David Neck and Nicole O'Kane. It is poisonous to dogs as toxins present in this plant cause diarrhea, vomiting, depression, abdominal pain, anorexia, hypersalivation, and tremors. Identification of the plant is critical. These are 16 poisonous plants for dogs that you'll need to look out for. Learn More About How Often Dogs Go To The Vet And Know The Best Time To Schedule A Checkup. Ensure the areas your dog dashes about in are planted up with robust shrubs and established perennials that the dog won't damage or be harmed by. P. O. Its best to purchase rose bushes from reputable nurseries. This includes the leaves, flowers, swigs, and stems. Unfortunately, all parts of the azalea plant are poisonous to dogs, including the flower, leaves, seeds and even honey that's made from the nectar. Get the Dog Health Guide Newsletter for Exclusive Content! central nervous system), Water hemlock (varied dog toxic effects, causes convulsions In addition to fruit plants, there are many other common foods that can be toxic to dogs, as well. coordination, skin irritation), Daphne (can result in dog skin dermatitis, kidney problems, Geranium: All varieties of this common container plant are poisonous to dogs. On a side note, roses arent toxic for cats either. Oleander. well as intense gastrointestinal irritation, drooling, loss of In general, experts say its best not to induce vomiting yourself if your dog ingests a toxic substance. These are the secret health benefits of owning a dog. If your dog has ingested any part of this plant, says Dr. Long, its imperative to head to the nearest veterinarian immediately so that vomiting can be induced. system, possible skin irritation/dermatitis, can cause death), Poison Oak (toxic bark, leaves and fruit, may cause skin If your pooch, unfortunately, eats a few bites of this plant, it will cause diarrhea, vomiting, drop in blood pressure, abdominal pain, convulsions, and arrhythmias. If your pups eyes or skin are affected, then eye flushing or a bath is warranted. This includes various types of plants, both indoors and outdoors, that can cause poisoning in dogs. Humidity + Temperature: High Temperature: Between 60 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit marrow depression, can cause death in dogs), Avocado (pit and fruit, diarrhea, vomiting - can be fatal), Azalea (variety of dog poisonous plants that can cause BEANS: (CASTOR, HORSE, FAVA, BROAD, GLORY, SCARLET RUNNER, MESCAL, NAVY, PREGATORY) BULB FLOWERS . Whether you grow these plants in your yard or bring them into your home from the grocery store, keep your dog away from them. The staff can advise on whether the plants have been treated with fertilizers, pesticides, or other chemicals that could be dangerous to dogs. Plants That Are Toxic To Chickens - Listed below are common plants that are known to be toxic to chickens (and most other birds). Bower vines are best grown on trellises near or over pathways where the scent will linger. * Petmoo is reader-supported. This plant and its delicate white flowers are highly toxic to dogs and can result in vomiting, irregular heartbeat, reduced blood pressure, confusion and disorientation, says the ASPCA. quantity), Jasmine (dog plant toxicity varies by dog), Jerusalem Cherry (All parts of plant are toxic to dogs. Jasmine plants are not toxic to cats, horses and dogs, according to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Immediately go to your veterinarian or an emergency veterinary center if you suspect consumption. Heres how to pet-proof your home the easy way. A calcium-containing dairy-based product can also be used to help bind the calcium oxalate crystals in the mouth and throat, says Dr. Zacharias. irritation), Ivy (plant is toxic when consumed in larger quantity), Jack in the pulpit (mouth swelling, breathing problems, The reason is that syrup of ipecac is stronger and less effective. If you want to check the flowers in your garden, you can refer to this handy list of plants created by the ASPCA Pet Poison Control Department. Heres why your dog has bad breath, and how to get rid of it. If consumed by your dog, the sago palm causes severe vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain, as well as stumbling, tremors, seizures and temperature-regulation issues, warns Christie Long, DVM, head of veterinary medicine at Modern Animal. This type of plants is called succulent and it appears fleshy or swollen. vomiting. Bower of Beauty, Bower Vine, Bower Climber. Touching some plant saps, stems, or leaves may cause a skin rash. harm heart function, rate), African Wonder Tree (contains the toxin ricin, symptoms If you suspect your canine has eaten any part of this plant, immediately go to your veterinarian or emergency veterinary center. If you suspect that your dog has munched on some tulips, consult your vet immediately. While using the gel topically is fine, allowing Fido to eat the leaves and roots isn't. They contain saponins which can cause vomiting and diarrhea. irritation around the mouth, skin irritation, tremors, seizures, Toxicity: Toxic to Dogs, Toxic to Cats, Toxic to Horses Toxic Principles: Terpenes Clinical Signs: Digestive upset, vomiting While the leaves may have some toxins in them, the fruit of the plant is considered the most toxic part. It is a popular garden plant, common cultivars include the yellow-flowered P. Golden Showers, the white-flowered P. Snowbells, and the pinkish P. Ruby Belle. skin irritation, seizure, tremors, balance loss, asphyxiation, can Aloe Believe it or not, this healing medicinal plant can be dangerous to your dog. If you can't immediately reach a vet call the ASPCA poison control center. Symptoms such as dry gums, sunken eyes, unexplained exhaustion, excessive panting, loss of elasticity in the skin, and wobbling or tremors when standing can denote that the canine is in serious distress and your veterinarian should be called immediately for further instructions. sensitivity), Lobelia (toxic in large quantities, may cause a skin cause shock, panting, trouble breathing, dilated pupils, red mucous But, these plants can be toxic to your dogs. irritation), Hyacinth (dog poisonous plant in quantity, skin allergy), Iris (roots are toxic, causes digestive system upset, skin This includes plants like belladonna, English ivy, daffodils, tulips, foxglove, holly, rhubarb, yew, azalea, caladium, and nightshade. Lilly of the Valley Lilly of the Valley (Convallaria majalis) is a popular holiday plant that is toxic to dogs and requires aggressive treatment. The below-listed backyard plants are poisonous to your pooch. Please consult with your local nursery or cooperative extension on the risks of any specific plant not listed above. Image: stokpro / iStock.com. And are rose bushes potentially toxic to your pet? gastrointestinal upset - can cause death), Emerald Duke (mouth swelling, breathing problems, Beyond the list Plants Safe for Dogs and Cats Top 10 Poisonous Plants to Dogs and Cats Filter by Dog Cat Wild Plant Garden Plant House Plant Mild-Moderate Toxicity Severe Toxicity 1 2 3 4 As any part (seeds, leaves, etc.) Periwinkle. Rinsing may help, but diluting any treatment with water wont guarantee your dogs safety. *, By providing my mobile number, I agree to receive 2-4 text messages per month from the ASPCA, which may include requests for charitable donations. . skin irritation), Privet (toxic leaves, can cause vomiting, painful abdomen, It is a popular ornamental shrub in the United States of America. Are Rose Bushes or Petals Poisonous to Dogs? Just watch out for those spiky thorns. We always give our honest opinions, findings, beliefs, or experiences. Toxic . A dogs digestive system isnt adapted to eat roses, after all! You can call this spring blooming plant as deadly because it leads to death in severe cases. allergy in dogs), Mistletoe "American"(common family of dog poisonous plants How to Market Your Business with Webinars. Plant near a patio or porch where the rich fragrance of the flowers can be best enjoyed.UsesBeautiful trained to fences, posts, latticework and trellises . The bulbs of this plant are highly toxic. Be aware of toxic risks. Names: Clematis in the Greek, Klematis, refers to climbing plants. The rose of Sharon is an Asian flowering shrub with large trumpet-shaped white, pink, or purple flowers that can be mildly toxic to your pet. Poisonous facts: Stems, leaves, and seeds are poisonous to dogs, ingestion can cause death. Despite being frost tender to 5C it survives Canberra winters in sheltered areas. You do need to worry about what rose care products you're applying and rose thorns, though. Scratches to the delicate eye area are common with inquisitive pooches, and can develop into painful corneal ulcers. They add beauty to your home, help you feel more in tune with nature and they even boast health benefits. Depending on the level of exposure or the amount ingested, severe poisoning can occur. digestives issues), Deadly nightshade (hypersalivation, lack of appetite, Most true ferns are considered non-toxic to dogs, according to the ASPCA. Have the plant itself, the container, package or label available when on the phone or in the veterinarian's office. Ingesting a couple of rose leaves or petals probably won't harm your dog. Rose Plants Are Not Healthy for Dogs to Eat. Consider the ability of the animal to jump and dig when making sure toxic substances aren't accessible. Where can I find a Pandorea pandorana plant? The symptoms of toxicity from the rose of Sharon shrub are very similar to poisonings by other plants. breathing problems, gastrointestinal upset), Pot Mum (vomiting, pain in abdomen, tremors, heart issues, Vinca (Catharanthus roseus) is considered by the ASPCA as a toxic plant to dogs and their puppies. in quantities that are large), Chrysanthemum (toxic leaves, stem and causes skin reaction, Clusia Rosea tree is an epiphyte like Peperomia Prostrata. issues, respiratory problems), Cuckoo pint (dog poisonous plants that cause skin allergy, Pandorea jasminoides, the bower of beauty, bower vine or bower plant, is a species of woody climbing vine in the family Bignoniaceae, native to the forests of eastern Australia. As with any non-edible plant, however, consuming too much could result in an upset stomach. Next, to mistletoe, it is a well-known Christmas plant. Keep an eye on your dog and dont allow him to eat lots of rose petals. If your dog has stuck their head into a thorny rose bush, its always a good idea to check they havent damaged the delicate eye area. No! that eat Mistletoe berries. You still shouldnt allow your dog to eat lots of petals or leaves, however, as they could cause a stomach upset. CARE Care Provide loamy, moist, well-drained soil. The entire plant is harmful to dogs. coordination, skin irritation), Naked Ladies (dog poisonous plants that can cause nausea nausea, vomiting, respiratory problems and coma), Rhubarb (leaves are toxic, varied dog toxic effects It causes blood vomit, diarrhea, bleeding disorders, and liver failure. The allium specieswhich includes garlic and onionsare poisonous plants for dogs. The deeply fragrant flowers are used extensively in bridal bouquets, giving the plant the common name of Brides Flower. These are extremely toxic to dogs due to the gelsemium alkaloid in their bodies, which causes them to die. 3. Euphorbia Milii (Crown of Thorns) Toxic to dogs, humans. Poisoning not reversible), Rain Tree (vomiting, painful abdomen, diarrhea), Raisins (ingesting raisins for dogs can cause kidney If your dogs skin or eyes has become irritated by the plant, a bath and/or flushing the eyes with water is recommended. sudden death. You can also call the 24-hour Pet Poison Helpline at 1-888-426-4435. Yew is an evergreen shrub typically found outdoors. Plus, the texture should be soft, sandy, and well-draining. You can also call your vet or the emergency vet as well. that have toxic roots, berries and seeds - (vomiting and diarrhea), Poppy (dog hallucinogen in larger quantities), Potato (green skins and sprouts - always cook for dogs), Pothos (Scindapsus, Epipremnum) - (mouth swelling, Iris: Ingesting any part of. can result in dog skin allergies), Elephants Ear (mouth swelling, breathing problems, Skin allergies in dogs are common. Many types of common house plants are toxic to dogs. But, dont believe them. We have categorized the toxic household plants based on the severity of their effects on your dog. All rights reserved. Azaleas are colorful and interesting to look at, so its easy to see why your dog might be attracted to them. diarrhea, part that is toxic to dogs, the bulb, may not be present in Animals who are particularly sensitive to the compounds in the plant, or who ingest unusually large quantities of the rose of Sharon may experience extreme nausea and vomiting. As it is an evergreen flowering plant and grows up to 12 feet, it attracts bees and butterflies. It is a fast growing plant, suitable for tropical to temperate regions. Flowering might be reduced in shadier conditions. 5. The most common houseplant, philodendrons cause mild effects on your dog such as irritation in the lips, mouth and the tongue. These plants grow on the organics of other dead plants. Yes, lilies are poisonous to dogs. But, do you know that pollen from plants also causes allergies in pooch? 2023 Dog Health Guide. fields If you suspect problems from any of the dog poisonous plants listed, the suggested treatment is to induce vomiting. issues, respiratory problems), Split Leaf (dog poisonous plants that result in mouth You can use the contact page to get in touch. The granule formula can sometimes be appealing to dogs, and its highly toxic to them. Tulips are one of the most popular plants come springtime, but they can cause big problems for curious canines. This beautiful vine plant that flowers in the morning may be irresistible to humansand also to dogs, who might be tempted to chomp on them when they open. A list of the more common household plants that are toxic to dogs: autumn crocus azaleas black locust bleeding heart buttercups castor bean cherries (wild and cultivated) daffodil daphne Dieffenbachia (dumb cane) elderberry elephant ear foxgolve golden chain Hyacinth jack in the pulpit jasmine jimson weed (thorn apple) Lantana camara (red sage) Terms & Conditions / Privacy Policy, 2023American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. larger quantity, possible cause of skin allergy), Silkweed (plant toxic to dogs if consumed in large quantity), Solomon's seal (plant poisonous to dogs if large amounts
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