Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress b. humanistic. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. 32. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? d. Bandura. c. gestalt therapy. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. a. gestalt Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. 62. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. Is this correct? As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). Maladaptive cognitions. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. c. existential. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. Psychosurgery. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? Track the accuracy of the thought. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? The Structure of the Nervous System. 106. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. Don't worry. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . Psychodynamic techniques. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. c. repression. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. b. repression. What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. b. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. 138. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. 164. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. b. is not led by a professional clinician. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. 2.3.2.1. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? c. depression. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. 23. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. c. client-centered This is known as Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. 59. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. 16. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. 28. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. a. humanistic However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. The existential perspective. Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. b. ego. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. A perfect run will not be possible because "I'm going to screw up!" Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. 45. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. 48. 119. d. secondary process thought. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. b. neurotransmitters. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. 155. None of the models are complete within themselves. 40. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? b. anxiety disorders. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. 34. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. d. cognition-focused. 41. d. fixation. None of the models are complete within themselves. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. d. brain circuits. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. b. modeling. Describe how the biological model explains mental illness. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. Conditioning is when learning occurs. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. 128. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neurotransmitters. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. Cognitive therapies. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. How so? In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. 12. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. Those who are not assertive are often overly passive and never get what they want or are unreasonably aggressive and only get what they want. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. b. exposure therapy. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. 144. Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. b. Freud. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. Genetic issues and explanations. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? List and describe the models of abnormality. c. transference. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. 116. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. d. psychodynamic. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. Which is an example of latent content? Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. To stop some undesirable behavior you made in the past, they likely took away some privilege. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. a. existential If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? a. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. a. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. b. existential therapy. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. The structure of personality. You are doing your best. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. 156. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? The same is true of borderline personality disorder. c. double-blind studies. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. 83. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? This approach to learning was called connectionism. b. exposure a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). Simply, she placed the child in one end of a room and then brought in the rabbit. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. c. superego. What is learning and what forms does it take? c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. d. object relations. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. In the case of men. What about other students in the class that you know? c. enmeshed. b. brain stimulation. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. c. operant conditioning. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. c. They explain outside influences and past events. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences.